Safety Measures In Pakistan Construction Industry Construction Essay

Safety Measures In Pakistan Construction Industry Construction Essay Safety in the construction industry has always been a major issue. Wherever reliable records are available, construction is found to be one of the most dangerous on safety and health criteria, particularly in developing countries. Though much improvement in construction safety has been achieved, the industry still continues to lag behind most other industries with regard to safety. Pakistan is a developing country and currently enjoys a relatively strong growth in construction work. Unfortunately, Pakistans construction industry suffers from poor safety and health conditions. The framework of the existing occupational and health conditions is fragmented and inadequately enforced, making construction sites more hazardous. It may even be argued that relevant regulations are outdated and irrelevant in day-to-day construction operations. Like many developing countries of the world, Pakistan at present does not have comprehensive occupational health and safety laws. The number of injuries and illnesses is probably very high in Pakistan because thousands of workers are routinely exposed to hazardous work in construction industry. However, there is no reliable data on occupational safety and health injuries and illnesses because a majority of accidents are not reported to the regulatory agencies. The regulatory agencies neither have an effective enforcement policy nor strict requirements for reporting injuries and illness at work places. Another reason of such indents is the careless behaviour of workers towards safety measures and rules. This study focus on national culture and safety climate in the construction industry in Pakistan. More specifically, it investigates the safety perceptions, attitudes, and behaviour of Pakistani construction workers and management safety practices. It will present the practical results of a number of questionnaire surveys administrate in Pakistan targeting construction workers, and managers with safety management responsibilities. Due to a relatively new awareness of construction safety in Pakistan, the construction industry lacks infrastructure for proper construction safety standards and plans. This study provide the way to improve management system to reduce injuries at construction site and some useful insights into the main players of the Pakistani construction industry for a greater understanding of: (1) risk perceptions, attitudes and safe/unsafe work behaviour of construction workers; (2) managers safety practices and their preferences; and (3) the extent to which workers attitudes and perceptions and their behaviour are associated with their national culture. This data not only adds to the understanding of the implications of Pakistani cultural values on the construction organization, but also provides new knowledge for construction managers who will be better able to understand the culture within which they operate and improve outcomes. The results of this research will be of use to a cross-sectional range of workers and managers Why are you interested in the project? Safety of a workforce employed in the construction industry has always been a matter of concern for employers and labour organizations in developing countries. Previous research has shown that improving the accuracy in the recording of incidents (or accidents) is one way in which the safety management system could be improved. Without a robust safety management system it is impossible to provide a safe working environment for employees. In order to improve health and safety systems, developing countries should look at systems in place in developed countries. In these countries the situation is quite the opposite, and therefore they can be used as a guide as to what can be achieved in the health and safety area of the construction industry in developing countries. Though a lot of preventive measures have been implemented and enforced to ensure the safety of labourers in the developing countries, there is still much more that needs to be done in this area to reduce the chances of any unfortunate situations arising. Astonishingly, in certain parts of developing countries like Pakistan, safety rules within construction companies usually do not exist; and if they do in a rough form. Most companies do not even follow rules considered basic in developed countries, for example appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), and adequate signage. For this research, appropriate methods for data collection would surely be: questionnaire surveys and interviews. The questionnaire will have both qualitative and quantitative items for this research and it includes open-ended and close-ended questions. The open-ended questions will be providing with a view to obtain as much as information possible about site safety conditions and plans. This questionnaire also has several quantitative measures (Keys) built into it. These quantitative measures (Keys) will provide to facilitate the intention to translate the qualitative impressions gathered after each interview into some measurable rating scales. In addition, each management staff was asked for their personal and professional information background (i.e. age, job title, experience in construction and safety training received). Finally management was asked to provide personal suggestions for improvements to the safety systems at the site. And finally the data which will collect from the questionnaire surveys and interviews will analyse and the analytical analysis will undertake. For secondary data there has been increasing interest in trying to understand how management practices and organizational factors impact on workplace, workers and their safety. Some research papers have focused on workplace managers as role models for instilling safety awareness and supporting safe behaviour also I will use internet search for this research. The construction industry plays a vital role in the social and economic development of all countries. The importance and role of the construction industry in the economy of any country has been confirmed by several studies, including Coble and Haupt (1999). However, when compared with other (labour intensive) industries, the construction industry has historically experienced a disproportionately high rate of disabling injuries and fatalities for its size (Hinze, 1997). Kartam and Bouz (1998) identified the advancement in social sciences as having promoted a greater awareness of the purity of life and the unacceptability of premature death due to work-related accidents. Past researches has shown that the high number of construction site accidents is a universal problem of much concern. Though notable improvements in construction worker safety at sites have been achieved, the industry continues to lag behind most other industries with regard to safety (National Safety Council, 1999). According to Davies and Tomasin (1996), there are a number of reasons why accident records within the construction industry compare poorly with those of the manufacturing industry. In factories, there is normally a controlled working environment, with little change in the working procedures and equipment over long periods; additionally, the labour force usually remains fairly constant. Thus once identified, hazards can be remedied with relative ease, and the danger mitigated. However the case is quite different in the construction industry as the working environment is constantly changing. The construction industry is a mixture of different organisations, which directly and indirectly influence the construction process. These organisations include property developers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, accountants, lawyers, civil engineering contractors, engineering contractors, management contractors, labourers, subcontractors and specialist trades. The same complexity can be found with construction workplaces. Within the workplace Construction processes involve hazardous activities, such as working at height, manual handling, exposure to hazardous materials, demolition, frame erection, lifting operations, scaffolding and ground works, bulk materials and heavy equipment handling, as well as the varying jobsite personnel and the regularly changing worksites. A further characteristic of the industry, that makes management of this sector more troublesome, is the unfavourably high supervisor-worker ratio. Supervisors who have more a personal and positive relations hip with workers have more favourable safety performance records (Hinze, 1997; Levitt Samelson, 1993). This relationship is harder to develop if the ratio is too high, which is generally the case within the construction industry (Smallwood, 2000). Rowlinson and Lingard (1996) have attributed the prototype nature of construction projects, the transient nature of work, low education levels of the workforce and high levels of subcontracting, as major contributing factors to poor safety records within the construction industry worldwide. There is a wide variation in economic structures, occupational structures, working conditions, work environment, and the health status of workers in different regions of the world, in different countries and in different sectors of the economy. Therefore the mechanisation of the construction industry is not uniform throughout the world. However, as stated earlier, the construction industry plays a vital role in boosting the economy of any country, especially a developing country. It provides the infrastructure required for other sectors of the economy to flourish. Many studies, such as Coble and Haupt (1999) have shown that construction industry reflects the level of economic development within the country. The construction sector everywhere faces problems and challenges. However, in developing countries, these difficulties and challenges are present alongside a general level of socio-economic stress and a lower productivity rate when compared to developed countries (Ofori, 2000). Ne vertheless it is generally believed that the industry is a good source of employment at various levels of skills, from a general labour to semi-skilled, skilled and specialist workforce. Other major areas that impacts on this sector are lack of research and development, lack of trade and safety training, client dissatisfaction, and the continuously increasing construction costs (all of which result in less profitability). A lot of analyst found that, in most developing countries, for example like India, there are: no training programs for staff and workers therefore, no orientation for new staff or workers is conducted, hazards are not pointed out and no safety meetings are held. Employees are expected to learn from their own mistakes and experience. It is widely accepted that unsafe behaviour is intrinsically linked to workplace accidents. A positive correlation exists between workers safe behaviour and the safety climate within construction site environments. Construction workers attitudes towards safety are influenced by their perceptions of risk, management, safety rules and procedures. A variety of studies, including Niskanen (1994), Glendon and Litherland (2001) and Mohamed (2002) have investigated the construction safety climate within developed countries. In the majority of these studies, researchers have either developed a new model or replicated an already tested model with a view to improving its adequacy. However, there is a lack of research in this area in the context of developing countries. Pakistan is a developing country that is currently enjoying relatively strong growth in construction activities. Unfortunately, the enforcement of safety regulations is not widespread within Pakistan. Some may even argue that the framework of existing occupational and health conditions of Pakistans construction industry is fragmented and inadequately enforced. Likewise in any industry, good health and safety conditions form good and safe business practice. Therefore, it is believed the integration of safety and health measures into a total management system, within the construction sector in Pakistan, could contribute significantly to the cost efficiency, quality assurance and environmental protection of the company and its employees. Cultural differences have a significant impact upon industrial safety culture and help in understanding the different approaches to accident prevention and safety management. Knowledge of cultural differences cannot be acquired without first understanding what culture is. Although culture is used widely to describe variations among people from different nations or of different ethnicities, there is no single, accepted definition. There is, however, a commonly-used set of characteristics that helps to identify culture: 1) culture includes systems of values 2) Culture is learned, not innate 3) culture distinguishes one group from another and 4) culture influences beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and behaviour in a somewhat uniform and predictable way (Bird, 2003). As safety climate is often portrayed as a temporal measure of culture (Cheyne et al., 1998) this last characteristic of culture is most important, as it relates the national culture to the safety climate. Safety climate also refers to the shared perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of the worker, regarding safety in their workplace. Ngowi and Mothibi (1996), in a study of 30 construction sites in Botswana, found cultural differences were a major reason for viewing safety procedures differently. Site managers in that study stated that the safety gear provided to employees from impoverished backgrounds were often sold. The managers also referred to the cultural habits of drinking alcohol or taking herbal drugs. They identified a tendency for workers to travel to work in smart clothes and to leave the construction site to spend their money as soon as they received their wages. Experience with traditional construction techniques, such as the use of mud mixed by hand, proved to be obstacles in getting workers to appreciate the need to wear gloves when working with concrete. Further, some local cultures were considered more emotional or more dominant, thus causing certain difficulties with effective safety management. The literature review revealed a lack of research work undertaken on the influence (direct or indirect) of national culture on local safety conditions in the construction industry. This deficiency is a major contributor to the development of this current research rationale which focuses on workers and management characteristics, and how these characteristics in turn, can influence the safety climate of the workplace.

Main Essay

The Daily Mail quotes, â€Å"Protein drinks ‘are no help for athletes and aren't better than a balanced diet',† with The Independent also reporting that there is â€Å"no benefit from sports drinks†. However, does this affect the Protein sports drinks' market? Clear Barrett writes In an article on The Financial Times saying that Omnipotent. Com, Rupee's leading online sports nutrition retailer is forecast to generating earnings of EOM on annual turnover of MEME in the year 2011 from the sale of sports protein drinks and supplements, favored by bodybuilders and sports enthusiasts.Its sales are expected to reach EMMA this year. (Remuneration 2009) found that â€Å"Globally, the U. S is the largest market for sports nutrition supplements and represents 63% of the value. Mexico Is the second largest market with US $192 million In retail sales, followed closely by the united Kingdom with US SSL 72 million. Japan has a market size of US $87 million, while China and Ind ia have negligible sports nutrition retail sales. However, Authenticity and efficacy remain big challenges for the sports nutrition market. Remuneration, 2008) stated that â€Å"the global market for ports nutrition supplements was valued at US $4. 2 billion. The market experienced strong growth until 2008, then growth gradually declined due to a lack of consumer confidence In spending on discretionary products, as a result of the global recession. † Furthermore, recent research have Indicated that protein supplements are bad for your health and can be life threatening. The British Dietetic Association (BAD) says â€Å"high levels of additional protein can cause side-effects, which can include nausea as well as kidney and liver damage. The BAD argues there is now evidence to show excess levels of additional protein taken over a long time can cause health problems. Jane Griffin speaking for the BAD concluded, â€Å"People who have these high protein diets are now running Int o problems with their kidneys because of the amount of protein they must get rid of. † The information provided indicates that there was a decrease in demand in the market for sports protein drinks and can be conveyed in a supply and demand diagram. The first figure (1) is a rundown where value is determined by the market.The supply curve of a certain product as well as the demand curve of the same product is shown on the same axes. David King quotes â€Å"This Is where there Is no excess demand or excess supply, so that the quantity To summaries; â€Å"A demand curve shows the quantity that would be demanded at each price or wage, and a supply curve shows the quantity that would be supplied eat each price or wage. The price or wage will settle at its equilibrium level, which is the level at which the two curves intersect. † Figure (2) shows a shift in demand (to the left) for sports protein drinks.Because of the recession, globally protein drinks will be set at a pric e too high, even though the price does not change. Therefore, protein nutrition drinks will become less attractive for consumers, consequently forcing consumers to purchase less as the price is too high. A shift in the demand curve implies that the original demand curve has changed, meaning that the quantity demanded is affected by a factor other than price, in this case the global recession and awareness that protein drinks actually affect health and may be life threatening.To conclude, protein sports drink manufacturers would be forced to supply less for the same price. King quotes, â€Å"if demand decreases, buyers will demand a smaller annuity at each possible price. So the demand curve shifts left, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all fall. † Price* Quantity* Price Quantity However, historically, the users of protein nutrition products have been limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but this has now expanded to include recreational users and li festyle users (Denominator 2006).Research in 2012 suggest that more teenagers are using muscle enhancing products, such as protein supplements, according to a study published in Pediatrics, a Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A CNN article by (Trash Henry) quotes, â€Å"Researchers found the number of teens reporting muscle enhancing behavior to be substantially higher than in previous years. Boys were more likely to report these behaviors, which included supplement use and consumption of protein shakes†, while Dry.Maria Ginsberg, the lead study author said â€Å"These behaviors are a little more common among young Dry. Nicholas Fletcher, an assistant professor of orthopedic declares that, â€Å"As their idols have increased in size they are continually pushed to get stronger, bigger and faster†¦ There is that trickle-down effect. From this, we can assume that the market for Protein sports drinks is indeed rising, due to teenagers working towards increasin g their body mass and overall strength and striving to follow in the footsteps of their inspirational leaders.A BBC article done by Newsiest reporter (Kelsey) stated that Remuneration, whom researchers the market size of products, estimates that the sport supplement industry grew 15% last year. It estimated that one in five people who go to the gym more than twice a week use supplements that can come in the form of powders and bars. The information provided can assume that there is a cent increase in demand for sports protein drinks. Figure (3) below indicates that the quantity demanded for protein sports drink increased even though the price remained the same.A shift to the right for the demand curve depicts the quantity of demand for protein drinks rising. Again, a shift in the demand curve indicates that the original demand relationship has changed; meaning that quantity demand for protein sports drink is affected by something other than price. In this instance, demand for protei n was increased because of protein nutrition products expanding ND targeted not only athletes and bodybuilders, but also children and regular gym attendees. David King quotes, â€Å"If demand increases, buyers will demand a higher quantity at each possible price.So the demand curve shifts right, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all rise. † To conclude, protein drinks will always be in demand as these products are used not only for sports use, but also widely used between regular gym attendees and children. However, the recent VAT increase implemented on sports nutrition drinks which has taken effect on the 1st October 2012 may cause the demand to slightly crease. References: King, D. (2012) Economics. POP Oxford Remuneration International. Lully 2009).

A&P by John Updike Essay

The story A&P by John Updike is quite well-written. Despite the fact that the story itself does not have too much content, the author is able to keep the reader interested till the very last line. It’s a simple story and the main theme is the rejection of societal norms and restrictions. Sammy who works in the A&P store represents a teenager who takes an on-the-spot decision to stand up to his boss, disagree with his actions and move on with his life. This occurs when three girls in very skimpy clothes visit the store to buy snacks. Their skimpy attire offends the store manager Mr. Langley and he makes it a point to inform the girls that they should be dressed more appropriately next time they enter his store. â€Å"He comes over and says, â€Å"Girls this isn’t the beach† and when the girls react to his statement he says â€Å"I don’t want to argue with you. After this come in here with your shoulders covered. It’s our policy. † Basically, Langley is a conservative who did not like these girls indecently exposing their bodies. On the other hand, this is a free world and people like Mr. Langley have no right to impose their point of view on others. That is precisely why Sammy decided to quit his job even though he is aware that once he loses this job, his life will become more difficult, and his parents will be worried and angry and that there will be consequences of his action. â€Å"You’ll feel this for the rest of your life,† Lengel says and I know that’s true, too†. Nevertheless, he wants to prove his point and wants to stand up for what he believes and that is why he quits and moves on with his life. Overall, it’s a simple story but makes a valid point and is narrated in a very interesting manner. Some questions for others to think about: 1. Why did Sammy feel so strongly about Mr. Langley’s behavior? 2. Do you think Sammy did the right thing? 3. Do you think its right for teenagers today to behave indecently or do you think it’s the old generation which needs to change their attitude? Bibliography 1. Updike, John. (1993) A&P from Rubinstein and Larson’s Worlds of Fiction. Macmillan Coll Div.

Video Games and Violence - 1011 Words

There are probably millions and billions of video games sold every year to people. Some people seem to believe that violence correlates directly with video games. Video games are something that is usually a big interest in people at the ages of 13 to 19 years old. Video games usually start off as a little fun and then turn into a major hobby for some people. Emotions change based on whatever happens while a person is engaging in these games most of the time. These games are another way to observe how people react emotionally to these games. These video games have ratings made officially by the Entertainment Software Rating Board or ESRB for short. Video game ratings go in a specific order ranging from Rated-EC which means Early Childhood to Rated RP which means Rating Pending. There are also more ratings in this guide such as Rated-E for Everyone and Rated-T for Teens ages 13 and older (â€Å"ESRB Ratings Guide†).These video game ratings help the person who is purchasing these games by showing what age is recommended for the person to be able to play the games. The Entertainment Software Ratings Board also makes content descriptors. These tell the people who are buying these games what the game they are buying contains such as, â€Å"blood and gore† which contains content only for ages 18 and up. Another descriptor is known as â€Å"use of drugs† which is described as anything involving illegal drugs. Violent References is another content descriptor which deals with killing people orShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-life Violence2765 Words   |  12 Pageschildren who play video games for many hours daily. 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Moreover, those games just mirror humanitys violent instincts; they do not provoke violence, Gillespie argues. These games also offer chances for debates about ethical issues and the costs of actions. It is known from his writings that Thom G illespie is a professorRead MoreThe Violence Of Video Games971 Words   |  4 PagesMost kids today play video games to entertain themselves and it’s their hobby. Today kids and even young adults play games like Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V), Call of Duty, and Fallout 4. All three of these games were one of the top games of their respective year of release. What do they all have in common? They depict violence in a way that its becoming more realistic every year they’re sequels are released. But what’s up with people blaming video games for mass shootings and other heinous

Learn About the Crimean War

The Crimean War is perhaps remembered mostly for the â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade,† a poem written about a disastrous episode when British cavalry valiantly attacked the wrong objective in a battle. The war was also significant for the pioneering nursing of Florence Nightingale, the reporting of a man considered the first war correspondent, and the first use of photography in a war. The war itself, however, arose from muddled circumstances. The conflict between superpowers of the day was fought between allies Britain and France against Russia and its Turkish ally. The result of the war did not make enormous changes in Europe. Although rooted in longstanding rivalries, the Crimean War erupted over what was obviously a pretext involving religion of populations in the Holy Land. It was almost as if the large powers in Europe wanted a war at that time to keep each other in check, and they found an excuse to have it. Causes of the Crimean War In the early decades of the 19th century, Russia had grown into a mighty military power. By 1850 Russia appeared to be intent on spreading its influence southward. Britain was concerned that Russia would expand to the point where it held power over the Mediterranean. The French emperor Napoleon III, in the early 1850s, had forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize France as a sovereign authority in the Holy Land. The Russian tsar objected and began his own diplomatic maneuvering. The Russians claimed to be protecting the religious freedom of Christians in Holy Land. War Declared By Britain and France Somehow the obscure diplomatic wrangling led to open hostilities, and Britain and France declared war against Russia on March 28, 1854. The Russians appeared willing, at first, to avoid war. But demands put forth by Britain and France were not met, and a larger conflict seemed unavoidable. The Invasion of the Crimea In September 1854 the allies struck the the Crimea, a peninsula in the present day Ukraine. The Russians had a large naval base at Sevastopol, on the Black Sea, which was the ultimate target of the invasion force. The British and French troops, after landing at Calamita Bay, began marching southward toward Sevastopol, which was approximately 30 miles away. The allied armies, with about 60,000 troops, encountered a Russian force at the River Alma and a battle ensued. The British commander, Lord Raglan, who had not been in combat since losing an arm at Waterloo nearly 30 years earlier, had considerable trouble coordinating his attacks with his French allies. Despite these problems, which would become common throughout the war, the British and French routed the Russian army, which fled. The Russians regrouped at Sevastopol. The British, bypassing that major base, attacked the town of Balaclava, which had a harbor that could be used as a supply base. Ammunition and siege weapons began to be unloaded, and the allies prepared for an eventual attack on Sevastopol. The British and French began an artillery bombardment of Sevastopol on October 17, 1854. The time-honored tactic did not seem to have much effect. On October 25, 1854, the Russian commander, Prince Aleksandr Menshikov, ordered an attack on the allied lines. The Russians attacked a weak position and stood a good chance of reaching the town of Balaclava until they were repulsed heroically by Scottish Highlanders. Charge of the Light Brigade As the Russians were fighting the Highlanders, another Russian unit began removing British guns from an abandoned position. Lord Raglan ordered his light cavalry to prevent that action, but his orders got confused and the legendary Charge of the Light Brigade was launched against the wrong Russian position. The 650 men of the regiment raced into certain death, and at least 100 men were killed in the first minutes of the charge. The battle ended with the British having lost a lot of ground, but with the standoff still in place. Ten days later the Russians attacked again. In what was known as the Battle of the Inkermann, the armies fought in very wet and foggy weather. That day ended with high casualties on the Russian side, but again the fighting was indecisive. The Siege Continued As the winter weather approached and conditions deteriorated, the fighting came to a virtual halt with the siege of Sevastopol still in place. During the winter of 1854-55 the war became an ordeal of disease and malnutrition. Thousands of troops died of exposure and contagious illnesses spread through the camps. Four times as many troops died of illness than combat wounds. In late 1854 Florence Nightingale arrived in Constantinople and began treating British troops in hospitals. She was shocked by the appalling conditions she encountered. The armies stayed in trenches throughout the spring of 1855, and assaults on Sevastopol were finally planned for June 1855. Attacks on fortresses protecting the city were launched and repulsed on June 15, 1855, thanks largely to incompetence by the British and French attackers. The British commander, Lord Raglan, had taken ill and died on June 28, 1855. Another attack on Sevastopol was launched in September 1855, and the city finally fell to the British and French. At that point the Crimean War was essentially over, though some scattered fighting went on until February 1856. Peace was finally declared in late March 1856. Consequences of the Crimean War While the British and French did eventually capture their objective, the war itself could not be considered a great success. It was marked by incompetence and what was widely perceived as needless loss of life. The Crimean War did check the Russian expansionist tendencies. But Russia itself was not really defeated, as the Russian homeland was not attacked.

Engineering Runs The World Is An Essential Part Of Being...

Engineering Runs The World In our daily life we face challenges that we can relate to mechanical engineering, one of the common examples is the temperature in metal, which is the thermal expansion. Mechanical engineers use combination of material, human and economic resources to develop mechanical solutions that help satisfy the needs and wants of society. They must be confident and accurate when making decisions. Engineers try to look at the problems in the society and come with innovative ideas in order to solve the difficulties. Work experience as an engineer is very important. Knowing how to react in certain situations under certain circumstances is an essential part of being an engineer. Engineering industry have a wide variety of jobs such as civil engineer where you over-watch bridges, building and the other important structures, it makes sure everything is up to code for large building and structures. Mechanical engineering works on mechanical systems and other complex mechanics, such as; cranes and airplane motors. If someone who is inexperienced tries to take on a real engineer job, there could be extreme results and repercussions. Problems we face in the engineering world be when there are or could potentially be an irresponsible engineer or engineers, who are the lead project manager(s) working on something for public use like a bridge, if he fails in calculations due lack of knowledge and truth, where it may cause deaths if there is a failure in the bridge.Show MoreRelatedThe growing relevance of C hemical Engineering in today’s world, from energy oil industries to900 Words   |  4 PagesThe growing relevance of Chemical Engineering in today’s world, from energy oil industries to pharmaceuticals biotechnology, and a keen desire for applying this knowledge in interrelated spheres motivates me to pursue a Master’s degree in this field. 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Implications Of Firm Organizational Cost â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Implications Of Firm Organizational Cost? Answer: Introduction The corporate social responsibility (CSR) is considered as the initiative of the company to asses as well as takes the responsibility of organizational impact on the social and environmental well-being (Lawrence Weber, 2014). The companies have wide variety of reasons to engage in the CSR activities. This is considered as a commitment to improve the general infrastructure of the community. The important concepts of corporate social performance, stakeholder management, business ethics, sustainability and business ethics are all inter-related with the CSR activities of the firm. The CSR activities of a firm have positive impact on the customer perceptive of the company and the intent of them to purchase the companys products or avail their services (Agarwal Singh, 2016). There is also a positive impact of the CSR activities on the job-seeking intent as the potential candidates would be more likely to work for a socially responsible firm. These kinds of activities are responsible for greater brand reputation and greater goodwill in the market. The CSR activities do not always increase the revenue of the company. There has been a growing debate about the financial viability of CSR initiatives. This essay would discuss the various aspects of the CSR initiatives including the advantages and disadvantages concerning it. The various management concepts concerning the topic would be discussed in an elaborate manner. Discussion As opined by Harrison and Wicks (2013), the corporate social responsibility (CSR) is concerned with the self-regulation of the organizations which is integrated into the business model. These policies have an active compliance with various aspects of ethical standards and international legislations. Experts are striving to establish the positive relationship between the outcomes of CSR activities and the degree of certainty that it would bring positive outcomes for the company (Agarwal Singh, 2016). The return on investment on the CSR activities needs to be justified. It is important to understand the return to the stakeholders for understanding the contribution of CSR to the organizational effectiveness. The stakeholder theory focuses on the idea of long term sustainability of the multinational corporations which are dependent on various constituents (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). The stakeholders are considered as the important parts of the business entities as they help the organization to fulfill its mission (Agarwal Singh, 2016). The stakeholders include the customers, employees, investors, governments, communities and others. These entities are said to form positive associations with the company and help the company to engage in lucrative opportunities (Kim, Kim King, 2016). The stakeholders often view the CSR activities of the company by witnessing their level of success and their ability to impact the beneficiaries. According to Bojanic (2015), the means-end theory focuses on the fact that the purchase decisions made by the consumers are directly related to the product/service attributes and benefits obtained from them. The first benefit is related with the functional aspects in which the tangible as well as intangible characteristics are measured (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). The second benefit is concerned with psychosocial aspects in which the sociological and psychological well-being of the customers are being measured (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). The third factor is concerned with the values of the customers that decide the level of importance to them. This theory emphasizes on the fact that the consumers try to maximize these three benefits by making purchase decisions (Kumar et al., 2014). The CSR activities are also assumed to have high degree of benefits to the customers (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). The customers have either direct involvement with the customer s or they get involved in the process by gaining mere knowledge. There are various benefits of the CSR process, which have been grouped based on various approaches. CSR is a viable tool for gaining competitive advantage as the good works of the company would be appreciated by the public and they would purchase the products or services of the particular company (Sethi, Martell Demir, 2017). The CSR activities also help in the development of the corporate image and corporate legitimacy (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). The company which engages itself in the matters of the society and engages in the community betterment are perceived better by the audiences. There is significant value creation through the process of CSR activities. There is an enhanced value creation for the organization, which would help the company to secure good manpower. It is obvious that more qualified candidates would be joining the organizations if it has a reputation of good CSR activities. As commented by Bajic and Yurtoglu (2016), the CSR activities are often estimated by the profitability statements received from the financial statements. There are issues with the actual measurement of the CSR performance (Sethi, Martell Demir, 2017). There have consensus issues on the operation aspect of CSR activities. There are also measurement challenges regarding CSR activities and there are no set standard procedures (Sethi, Martell Demir, 2017). It has been argued that the CSR is an expensive task as the social activities incurs additional responses for the company (Tsai et al., 2015). The social actions do force the companies to make considerable investments in environmental affairs such as pollution control, deforestation, community sponsorships and donations to NGO or community bodies (Sethi, Martell Demir, 2017). There are number of other expenses that are undertaken by the companies for keeping the CSR activities function smoothly. This often has an adverse impact on t he profitability of the firm and there is stagnant financial performance. As defined by Chun et al. (2013), the corporate citizenship of a firm is concerned with the involvement of the social responsibility of a business entity which can meet ethical, legal and economic responsibilities of the firm (Tsai et al., 2015). The aim of the corporate citizenship is to ensure that there are higher living standards and high quality of life among the communities (Tsai et al., 2015). It is important to maintain the good socially responsible organizations in which there is encouragement of the investors and employees so that they can help in the growth and prosperity of the organizations. There are several benefits of the corporate social responsibility on the financial profitability of the firm. However, research shows that a positive but weak correlation of the corporate citizenship and the financial performance of the firm (Christensen, Mackey Whetten, 2014). The high spending on the CSR activities of the firm often hampers the financial profitability of the firm. There is a significant reduction in the return to the stakeholders, which leads to the increased prices to the customers (Chen Lin, 2014). When the customers perceive that they are being charged extra for the same products or services, then they would consider their purchase decisions. There are instances when they switch brands and they may move to some other companies (Christensen, Mackey Whetten, 2014). This would reduce the sales of the companies as there would less purchase, which may have severe impact on the profit generation of the firm. There can also be lowering of the wages of the employees as the firm may not be able to provide full compensation to all employees (Christensen, Mackey Whetten, 2014). In an attempt to do cost cutting, the organization may witness more attrition rate. There can be lot of employees who would be willing to change the company and join a close rival (Christensen, Mackey Whetten, 2014). This may have significant impact on the financial performance of the firm. According to Situ, Tilt and Seet (2015), the corporate environmental reporting is concerned with the level of environmental burden. This is because of the fact that the companies do not disclose the perfect picture of how their decisions are affecting the environment. The legitimacy plays a vital role in the choices of the firms regarding the environmental disclosure (Christensen, Mackey Whetten, 2014). There should be environmental performance metrics which would analyze the contribution of the company towards the environmental matters such as waste reduction, greenhouse gas reduction and water consumption. It is important for the firms to be responsible and yet be profitable in terms of their financial performance. The firms have an objective of increasing the strategic profits and are sustainable in the long run. The stakeholders of the firm value the social efforts of the firm and should gain positive benefits when they are associated with the firm. It is important to generate more profits by the act of more product differentiation, which would help the company to satisfy the needs of more number of target audiences (Chun et al., 2013). This would also ensure that the audiences would make number of purchases from the company and hence it would be able to generate more profits. The firm should also be able to attract more number of competent staffs so that they would be able to serve the customers in a better way. The customers would return to the company if they get good services and good behavior from the staffs. Conclusion The modern day organizations face the challenge of being competitive and staying ahead of the rivals. At the same time, they do need to formulate some tricks so that they do not suffer financial losses. It is important for the companies to formulate important strategies so that they can continue with their CSR activities as well as gain sufficient financial profits. It is important that the firms should not suffer losses and engage in CSR activities. This essay showcased the important benefits of CSR activities and how it is beneficial for the company. It is also important to gain profits and this essay focused on the different aspects that tend to lower the financial profits of the firm. It has been argued that the CSR is an expensive task as the social activities incurs additional responses for the company as there are certain cost parameters that are related to it. However, the companies should aim for increasing the profits and at the same time, engaging in a variety of community activities. References Agarwal, S., Singh, R. (2016). 21 Corporate social responsibility practices in the Indian food industry.A Stakeholder Approach to Managing Food: Local, National, and Global Issues,4, 297. Bajic, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2016). CSR, Market Value, and Profitability: International Evidence. Bojanic, D. C. (2015). An Examination of the Means-End Model of Price, Quality and Value in the Service Industry. InProceedings of the 1996 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 163-163). Springer, Cham. Chen, M. L., Lin, C. P. 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InA-CSEAR 2015-Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Centre on Social and Environmental Accounting Research Conference: A-CSEAR 2015(p. 165). Academic Conferences and publishing limited. Tsai, Y. H., Joe, S. W., Lin, C. P., Chiu, C. K., Shen, K. T. (2015). Exploring corporate citizenship and purchase intention: mediating effects of brand trust and corporate identification.Business ethics: A European review,24(4), 361-377. Wickert, C., Scherer, A. G., Spence, L. J. (2016). Walking and talking corporate social responsibility: Implications of firm size and organizational cost.Journal of Management Studies,53(7), 1169-1196